汽车碰撞头部损伤生物力学 英文版
作者：羊玢著
出版时间： 2017年版
内容简介
　　Every year， more than 15 000 000 people are injured and 1 250 000 people are killed for life on the world's roads. Traumatic brain injury （TBI） is a great burden for the society worldwide， e.g. in the US， there are about 1.4 million people who sustained TBI each year and estimated one fifth ofthe hospitalized persons cannot retum to work. In the UK， TBI accounts for 15% to 20% of deaths between the age of 5 and 35. The same indication was shown in studies made in France and China. To develop a better understanding of crash-induced injuries required in desigrung injury countermeasure， several experimental and numerical approaches have been used. Experimental approaches have been tried to replicate crash-induced injuries in lab conditions using Post Mortem Human Subjects （PMHS） impact tests. However， understanding the injury mechanisms and development of accurate injury criteria using this test data is challenging due to inherent variation in terms of PMHS anthropometry and material properties. With recent rapid increases in computational technology， the human finite element （FE） models of the head and neck are currently the most sophisticated numerical models， which can provide general kinematics of the brain and calculate the detailed stress/strain distributions which can be correlated with the risk ofinjuries. The field of trauma biomechanics， or injury biomechanics， uses the principles of mechanics to study the response and tolerance level of biological tissues under extreme loading conditions. Through an understanding of mechanical factors that influence the function and structure of human tissues， countermeasures can be developed to alleviate or even eliminate such injuries.
　　This book， Biomechanics of Head Injury in Vehicle Collisions， surveys a wide variety of topics in head-neck injury biomechanics including anatomy and injury mechanism during the traffic accidents. The objective of our study is to develop a more biofidelic FE human head and neck model using the geometry directly reconstructed from the medical scan data of a 50th percentile male volunteer. Such an FE head and neck model should mimic irregular anatomical features of the head and neck， is validated against a full spectrum of head impact data， and can be used in a wide variety of impact scenarios to predict facial， skull， and intracranial responses. It is therefore desirable to only include those anatomical structures that will enhance the accuracy ofsuch analyses. It is the first collection I am aware of that lists regional injury reference values. Although the book is meant to be an introduction for medical doctors， scholars and engineers who are beginners in the field of injury biomechanics involved traffic safety， sufficient references are provided for those who wish to conduct further research， and even established researchers will find it useful as a reference for finding the biomechanical background of each proposed injury mechanism. As more people become aware of and understand this subject， it will someday lead to better mitigation and prevention of automotive related injuries. I like this book very much and believe that you will find the same.
目录
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
Chapter 1 Methods in Injury Biomechanics 1
1.1 Statistics， field studies， databases 1
1.2 Injury criteria， injury scales and injury risk 5
1.3 Basic technical definitions and accident reconstruction 8
1.4 Experimental models 13
1.5 Standardized test procedures 18
1.6 Numerical methods 30
Reference 34
Chapter 2 Head Injuries 36
2.1 Anatomy of the head 36
2.2 Injuries and injury mechanisms 38
2.3 Mechanical response of the head 42
2.4 Injury criteria for head injuries 46
2.4.1 Head Injury Criterion (HIC) 46
2.4.2 Head Protection Criterion (HPC) 47
2.4.3 3 ms criterion 48
2.5 Head injuries in sports 48
2.6 Head injury prevention 51
Reference 53
Chapter 3 Development of a Finite Element Head Model for the Study of Impact Head Injury 55
3.1 Segmentation 56
3.2 Models description 61
3.3 Mesh development 63
3.4 Material properties 65
Reference 67
Chapter 4 Validation of the New 3D Finite Element Head Model 71
4.1 Methods and materials 71
4.1.1 Interface conditions in the models 71
4.1.2 Nahum et al.’s experimental impacts 72
4.1.3 Trosseille et al.’s experimental impacts 72
4.1.4 Hardy et al.’s experimental impacts 73
4.2 Results and discussion 74
4.2.1 Impact force and intracranial acceleration response 75
4.2.2 The intracranial pressure (ICP) 76
4.2.3 The maximum von Mises stress in the brain 78
4.2.4 The maximum principal stress in the skull 79
4.2.5 Brain motion 80
4.2.6 Selected future improvement 83
4.3 Pedestrian accident reconstruction 83
4.3.1 Collision model development 83
4.3.2 Simulation result and analysis 84
4.4 Conclusions 86
Reference 87
Chapter 5 Modal and Dynamic Responses of the Human Head-neck Complex for Impact Applications 89
5.1 Introduction 89
5.2 Modal analysis of the finite element model 91
5.2.1 Governing equation and finite element method 91
5.2.2 Development of the 3D finite element head-neck model (FEHM) 92
5.2.3 Validation of the 3D finite element head-neck model 94
5.2.4 Frequency spectrum of the human head-neck complex 95
5.3 Discussion 98
5.3.1 Comparison of fundamental frequency 99
5.3.2 Effect of damping on resonant frequencies and biomechanical responses 100
5.3.3 Comparison of mode shapes 104
5.3.4 Limitations 104
5.4 Summary 105
Reference 105
Chapter 6 Biomechanical Study of the Facial Impact on Pedestrian Traumatic Brain Injury 108
6.1 Introduction 108
6.2 Materials and methods 110
6.2.1 Boundary， loading and contact conditions 110
6.2.2 Result evaluation 111
6.3 Results 112
6.3.1 Stress wave propagation and facial fractures 112
6.3.2 Intracranial biomechanical parameters 124
6.4 Discussion 128
6.5 Summary 130
Reference 130
Chapter 7 Whiplash Injury 134
7.1 Anatomy of the spine 135
7.2 Injury mechanisms 136
7.3 Biomechanical response and tolerances 141
7.4 Injury criteria 143
7.5 Correlating neck injury criteria to the injury risk 144
7.6 Prevention of soft tissue neck injury 146
7.6.1 Head restraint geometry and padding material 147
7.6.2 Controlling head restraint position 149
7.6.3 Controlling seat back motion 150
Reference 151
Chapter 8 Brain Dynamic Responses Due to Wave Propagation 156
8.1 Introduction 156
8.2 Methods and materials 158
8.2.1 Finite element method (FEM) 158
8.2.2 Material properties 159
8.2.3 Boundary conditions 160
8.2.4 Contact and fluid-structure interaction (FSI) 160
8.3 Results and discussion 161
8.3.1 Intracranial pressures (ICP) 161
8.3.2 Skull stress 162
8.3.3 Evaluation on different faceshield configuration 164
8.3.4 Discussion 166
8.4 Conclusions 167
Reference 168
Chapter 9 Conclusions and Recommendations 169
9.1 Validation against three cadaveric experimental data 169
9.2 Modal and dynamic responses 170
9.3 Biomechanical study of the facial impact 170
9.4 Whiplash neck injury 171
9.5 Head injury due to concomitant wave 172
9.6 Recommendation for future work 173
Reference 173